445

NORTHERN BLACK-AND-WHITE BECARD  Pachyramphus [albogriseus] albogriseus (p. 282). Dif­

ferences in song and morphology indicate that albogriseus group (Costa Rica to ne. Peru) and guayaquilensis

group (sw. Colombia to s. Peru; Southern Black-and-white Becard) are probably best treated as separate

species; a conclusion also supported by molecular data (Musher & Cracraft 2018).

MIDDLE AMERICAN [BRIGHT-RUMPED] ATTILA  Attila [spadiceus] flammulatus (p. 284). Differ­

ences in plumage and voice suggest that the flammulatus group (e. Mexico to w. Ecuador) may best be

treated as a species distinct from the pacificus group (w. Mexico; West Mexican Attila) and spadiceus group

(S America, e. of Andes).

WHITE-CROWNED MANAKIN  Pseudopipra pipra (p. 288). Differences in song suggest that multiple

species may be involved in the White-crowned Manakin complex, including the anthracina group (Costa

Rica to Panama; Zeledon’s Manakin) and numerous taxa in S America (see Spencer 2012).

WESTERN WHITE-THROATED SPADEBILL  Platyrinchus [mystaceus] albogularis (p. 292). Differences

in voice, plumage, and morphology indicate that the albogularis group (Costa Rica to w. S America) and

mystaceus group (e. S America) are best treated as separate species, with perhaps further cryptic species

involved in S America.

WESTERN SLATY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER  Leptopogon [superciliaris] transandinus (p. 294). Differenc-

es, mainly in voice, suggest that the transandinus group (Costa Rica to nw. S America), superciliaris group

(Venezuela to Peru, e. of Andes), and albidiventer group (s. Peru to Bolivia) represent cryptic species.

Central American hellmayri also differs slightly from S American transandinus, and study needed.

OLIVE-STREAKED [OLIVE-STRIPED] FLYCATCHER  Mionectes [olivaceus] olivaceus (p. 294). Differ­

ences in voice, plumage, and morphology indicate that the olivaceus group (Costa Rica to w. Panama),

galbinus group (S America, w. of Andes), and venezuelensis group (S America, e. of Andes) may best be

treated as separate species.

NORTHERN OCHRE-BELLIED FLYCATCHER  Mionectes [oleagineus] assimilis (p. 294). Differences

in voice, plumage, and morphology suggest that the assimilis group (Mexico to n. S America), pacificus

group (sw. Colombia to nw. Peru), and oleagineus group (S America, e. of Andes) may best be treated as

separate species.

CENTRAL AMERICAN [SOUTHERN] BEARDLESS TYRANNULET  Camptostoma [obsoletum]

flaviventre (p. 298). Differences in voice and plumage indicate that the Southern Beardless Tyrannulet

complex involves multiple species, also including at least the sclateri group (w. Ecuador and w. Peru;

Western Beardless Tyrannulet); napaeum group (Amazonian region; Amazonian Beardless Tyrannulet);

and obsoletum group (s. S America; Austral Beardless Tyrannulet).

MOUSE-COLORED TYRANNULET  Phaeomyias murina (p. 298). Differences in voice and morphology

suggest that the incomta group (Costa Rica to n. S America; Northern Mouse-colored Tyrannulet) and

murina group (widespread in S America.) may represent separate species.

MISTLETOE TYRANNULET  Zimmerius parvus (p. 300). Distinct vocal differences between unde-

scribed northern birds (Belize to Costa Rica), ‘central’ birds Z. [p.] parvus (Costa Rica to cen. Panama),

and undescribed southern birds (e. Panama) suggest that three cryptic species are likely involved (Howell

& Dyer 2022.).

COLOMBIAN [GREENISH] ELAENIA  Myiopagis [viridicata] accola  (p. 302). Differences in voice

and morphology indicate that the Greenish Elaenia complex comprises multiple cryptic species, also

including M. [v.] minima (w. Mexico; West Mexican Elaenia) and M. [v.] placens (e. Mexico to Nicaragua;

Mesoamerican Elaenia), plus others in S America.

SCLATER’S [YELLOW-OLIVE] FLATBILL  Tolmomyias [sulphurescens] cinereiceps (p. 302). Differences

in voice and morphology indicate that the Yellow-olive Flatbill complex comprises multiple cryptic

species, among which the cinereiceps group (Mexico to Costa Rica) is quite distinct from other

groups, including the adjacent (sympatric?) flavoolivaceus group (Panama to nw. Colombia; Panama

Flatbill).

COSTA RICAN TUFTED FLYCATCHER  Mitrephanes [phaeocercus] aurantiiventris (p. 306). Differences

in voice and plumage indicate that the phaeocercus group (Mexico to Nicaragua; Mexican Tufted

Flycatcher) and aurantiiventris group (Costa Rica to Panama) are best treated as separate species.